Answer all of the following questions correctly

QUESTION 1

After the baseline data are stable, the _______________ would be that there would be no change in the data path for the dependent variables if there was no intervention effect.
covariance
replication
Verification
prediction

QUESTION 2
This occurs when baseline measures change in the same direction as during an intervention phase, although the intervention has not yet been implemented with that dependent variable:
Covariance
Replication
Verification
Prediction

QUESTION 3
What type of design is used when a withdrawal design no longer is possible or when other behaviors, settings, or individuals emerge that are in need of intervention?
Multiple probe design
Alternating treatment design
Delayed multiple baseline design
Changing criterion design

QUESTION 4
Which type of design may be used as an adaptation to designs addressing multiple behaviors, settings, or individuals?
Multiple probe design
Alternating treatment design
Extended multiple baseline design
Changing criterion design

QUESTION 5
What term is used to describe when the data path changes predictably for the dependent variable when an intervention is implemented?
Predication
Verification
Replication
Covariance

QUESTION 6
The basic design of a multiple baseline design includes _____________
one A-B design where baseline data are simultaneously measured
an intervention that is applied to multiple behaviors only that are similar in nature but functionally independent
phases that are introduced with criterion levels that var
two or more A-B designs where baseline data are simultaneously measured and the intervention is introduced to one behavior, in one setting, or with one individual at a time

QUESTION 7
What type of treatment design includes the intervention being applied to multiple behaviors that are similar in nature but functionally independent?
Simultaneous treatment design
Adapted alternating treatment design
Delayed multiple criteria design
Changing criterion design

QUESTION 8
Which of the following is TRUE about alternating treatment design?
It is necessary to collect baseline data
It does not require rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments
It does not require the collection of baseline data
None of these statements are true

QUESTION 9
What is the reason for counterbalancing in alternating treatment designs?
Helps to eliminating sequencing effects
Can be used to determine which results are the baseline data
Makes the design look validated
Creates a good environment for the child you are working with

QUESTION 10
The last point for each condition in an alternating treatment design best serves as _______________.
validation for the design
predictor for next data point
the end of the treatment
the final phase of the design

QUESTION 11
What is a reason that alternating treatment designs may have good internal validity?
The patterns of response vary with the alternating treatment conditions, so there is minimal overlap among data in the condition
If one treatment is consistently associated with an improved level of responding, then the design demonstrates good experimental control
It does not provide replication of the relative effects of the different treatments.
Both A and B

QUESTION 12
If the required change is too large, what is a possible problem that can occur?
There might not be enough phases to demonstrate experimental control in the study
It might be difficult to determine if the change was due to other factors
Requiring drastic changes might contradict good instructional practices
Both A and C

QUESTION 13
What does the number of criterion changes refer to?
The number of phases (subphases) that should be included in the study
The number of changes that were made to the target behavior
The number of times the intervention was withdrawn
The number of phases that did not impact the behavior

QUESTION 14
What provides additional evidence of the functional relationship between the treatment and the target behavior?
Reinstate baseline conditions
Reversal to a previous criterion level
The lack of change in the target behavior to a previous criterion level
The number of the criterion changes within the baseline phase

QUESTION 15
What is the term used to describe a more radical reversal of conditions than just returning to a previous criterion level?
Reinstate baseline conditions
Reversal to a previous criterion level
Magnitude of the criterion changes
Interval baseline changes

QUESTION 16
_______________ occurs when stable responding within each phase predicts the behavioral levels of subsequent phases.
Replication
Verification
Prediction
Reversal

QUESTION 17
This error is when the researcher infers there is a significant intervention effect when, in fact, there is not one ____________.
type I error
type II error
type effect error
type criterion error

QUESTION 18
This parametric procedure is used to test for mean performance differences (typically across phases):
Time series analysis
Tukey’s mean test
t test or ANOVA
None of the above

QUESTION 19
Some limitations to statistical analysis include ____________.
assumptions for use may be violated
one may obtain a Type I or Type II error
required knowledge and use of statistical computer packages
All of the above

QUESTION 20
This occurs because the individual data collection observations in single subject research may not yield independent observations:
Autocorrelation
Trend
Randomization
Bias

QUESTION 21
Mixed methods research would include?
Quantitative methods
Qualitative methods
Cumulative methods
Both A and C

QUESTION 22
Visual analysis may be applied primarily in these ways:
To inspect changes within a phase or condition
To inspect changes across phases or conditions
Both A and B
None of the above

QUESTION 23
______ is determined by examining the direction of the data path.
Trend
Baseline
Level
Baseline phase

QUESTION 24
You should use visual analysis when _____________.
the data is not graphically depicted
the researcher wishes to make formative and summative analyses
when continuous numerical data are not gathered
All of the above

QUESTION 25
Changes in the direction of the data path between baseline and intervention phases are called ___________.
directional changes
immediate changes in level
correlations
trend changes

QUESTION 26
What is a disadvantage of a changing criterion design?
The possibility of multiple treatment interference when the treatments interact
It is not the best to use with behaviors that change slowly
It can sometimes be difficult to implement (e.g., counterbalancing the treatments)

Target behavior must be able to change in a gradual, stepwise fashion

QUESTION 27
What is the basic goal of a changing criterion design?
Demonstration of a functional relationship between the target behavior and intervention by replicating the intervention effects with two or more behaviors, in two or more settings, or with two or more individuals
Comparison of the effects of two or more treatments on the same behavior
Evaluate the effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior
None of the above

QUESTION 28
How long should each phase be in a changing criterion design?
Phases should be long enough to allow stable responding
The length of the phase should be varied if possible
Phases should be brief enough to see a positive response
Both A and B

QUESTION 29
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the changing criterion design?
Withdrawal of treatment is not necessary
Generalization of behavior change is monitored within the design
It is a good design to evaluate contingency programs to increase/decrease behavior
Gradual change in target behavior results in poor outcomes for maintenance

QUESTION 30
A changing criterion design would be appropriate to use in the following instances EXCEPT:
When the target behavior can change gradually in a step-wise fashion
When the behavior is already in the subject’s repertoire and needs to be increased or decreased
When the treatments are sufficiently different from each other
When

QUESTION 31
The basic goal of alternating treatment designs is ______________.
demonstration of a functional relationship between the target behavior and intervention by replicating the intervention effects with two or more behaviors, in two or more settings, or with two or more individuals
comparison of the effects of two or more treatments on the same behavior
to evaluate the effects of a single treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior
None of the above

QUESTION 32
What is an advantage of an alternating treatment design?
Withdrawal of treatment is not required
Sequential implementation of the independent variable parallels the practice of teachers
Generalization of behavior change is monitored within the design
Collection of baseline data is not necessary

QUESTION 33
What are some disadvantages of alternating treatment design?
The possibility of multiple treatment interference when the treatments interact
It is not the best to use with behaviors that change slowly
It can sometimes be difficult to implement (e.g., counterbalancing the treatments)
All of the above

QUESTION 34
An alternating treatment design should be used in all of the following situations EXCEPT ____________.
when you want to determine the relative effectiveness of more than one treatment on a given behavior
when the treatments are sufficiently different from each other
when there is a possibility of covariance of dependent variables
when the subjects can discriminate the treatment conditions

QUESTION 35
What type of treatment design is also called the concurrent schedules design?
Simultaneous treatment design
Adapted alternating treatment design
Delayed multiple baseline design
Changing criterion design

QUESTION 36
A multiple baseline design should be used in all the following situations EXCEPT ____________.
when withdrawal designs are not feasible due to ethical concerns
when there is more than one target behavior, settings, or individual in need of treatment
when you want to determine the relative effectiveness of more than one treatment on a given behavior
when the effects of the independent variable cannot be withdrawn or reversed
QUESTION 37
What are the advantages of a multiple baseline design?
Withdrawal of treatment is not requied
Sequential implementation of the independent variable parallels the practice of teachers
Generalization of behavior change is monitored within the design
All of the above

QUESTION 38
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of implementing a multiple baseline design?
Possibility of covariance of dependent variables
The design is simply conceptualized
There is typically only one intervention phase with each dependent variable
Reducing the opportunities to study the functional relationship with each dependent variable

QUESTION 39
The basic goal of multiple baseline design is _________.
a demonstration of a functional relationship between the target behavior and intervention by replicating the intervention effects with two or more behaviors, in two or more settings, or with two or more individuals
a comparison of the effects of two or more treatments on the same behavior
to evaluate the effects of a treatment on the gradual increase or decrease of a single target behavior
None of the above

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